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Chola Temples
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Chola Temples

Chola Temples

 
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Tiruvagnisvara temple, Tirukattupal...

The Tiruvagnisvara temple at Tirukattupalli perhaps came into existence in the latter part of reign of Parantaka I (907 - 954 CE) or Gandaraditya (949 - 957 CE). The temple faces the west and the original temple consisted only of the sanctum sanctorum (garbagriha) with the tower over it and the front hall (ardhamandapa). The mouldings of the basement are plain. At a later stage an entrance porch (mukhmandapa) and an Amman temple were added. A fine Nandi of the tenth century is found on a pedestal in a mandapa of its own in front of the temple. There are also images of Brahma and Vishnu, Chandesvarar, Jyeshthadevi and Bhairavar. References: S.R. Balasubrahmanyam, 1971, pp.64-67.

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Tiruverumbiyur Alvar temple, Tiruve...

The Tiruverumbiyur Alvar temple at Tiruverumbur is of great antiquity. The legend says that Indra and other devas in the form of ants worshipped the Lord of the place and gained their salvation. Also Karan, brother of Trisiras (the three-headed son of Tvashta and grandson of Hiranyakashipu), the great eponymous hero of Tiruchy, assumed the form of an ant, adored the Lord and attained His grace. Besides, Lakshmi, Agni, Muruga, an Agastya are said to have worshipped the Lord and gained their salvation. The existence of this temple in the seventh century is attested by the hymns of the Tamil saint Apppar but how far earlier the temple was in existence cannot be ascertained. There is conflicting evidence regarding the origin of the present temple in the early Chola period and it is difficult to unravel the chronology of the various inscriptions. A scholar has suggested that the temple was built by a Tattan Sendi on or before the fourth year of Aditya I and Sembiyan Vedi Velan made extensive additions to the temple in the days of Gandaraditya. The name of the deity of the temple is Aditta Bhattarar. Reference: S.R. Balasubrahmanyam, 1966, pp.114-123.

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Tyagarajasvami complex, Tiruvarur, ...

The Tyagarajasvami temple is associated with the legend of Sundarar to whom the God served as a messenger of love and arranged his marriage with Paravi and Sangili Nachiars. Thyagaraja like Natraja dances - He performs the Ajapa dance here. The presiding deity is however Lord Vanmikanatha. The temple complex that spreads over 20 acres has an island temple in the centre. Vanmikantha shrine is the earliest edifice, Akileswari a coming next and Thyagaraja the next. The temple has many halls (mandapas). Outside the temple there is a sculptural representation of Manuneedhi Chola who ran his chariot on his own son to mete out justice to the cow whose calf was killed by his son. This temple has preserved bronze images that are assignable to Aditya I's time. One of them is the Adipuram Amman bronze - this representation of the Goddess Parvati shows her resting her hand on her attendant. Though this image is Chola in form, it is surmised that it was inspired by outside sources, perhaps the Far East. As Sri Sambandai and Appa have sung about the deity, this temple can be presumed to be in existence even in the seventh century CE. This is one of the 'Panch Boothe’ (five elements) ‘Sthalam’ and is famous as the seat of the 'Prithvi' (earth) Lingam. The main structure consists of a pagoda; three prakaram, 1,008 stone pillars, four sanctum and six mandapas. Sri Thyagarajaswamy and his consort Sri Kammalambal, Sri Vanmiganathai with his consort, Nilothpalambal are the principal deities of the temple. The Moolavur, Sri Vamikanthan is a Swayambu Lingam. The Brahmothsavam in Panguni and the Adi Pooram are the two important festivals celebrated annually. The wooden car of Tiruvarur is the biggest of all the temple cars in the State. Reference: R. Nagaswamy 1988, p. 163

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Ujjivanatha temple, Uyyakondan Tiru...

The earliest inscriptions connected with the Ujjivanatha temple at Uyyakondan Tirumalai are found on the pillars of the inner enclosure. An inscription that can definitely be attributed to Parantaka's reign is from his thirty-fourth regnal year that is 941 CE. There are subsequent inscriptions from the time of Uttama Chola (971 - 988 CE) and Sembiyan Mahadevi as well. The principal deity of this temple is called Tirukkarkkudi Paramesvarar. References: M.W. Meister and M.A. Dhaky, 1963, p. 172, S.R. Balasubrahmanyam, 1971, pp. 22-23.

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Uktavedesvara temple, Kuttalam, Tam...

The Uktavedesvara temple at Kuttalam is one of the better, bigger and architecturally one of the best-composed temples built by Sembiyan Mahadevi, seemingly before the seventh year of Rajaraja I (992 CE). Reference: M.W. Meister and M.A. Dhaky 1963, pp. 191-192.

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Uma-Mahesvara temple, Konerirajapur...

The Uma-Mahesvara temple at Konerirajapuram is a foundation of Sembiyan Mahadevi built in memory of her deceased husband, Gandaraditya during the reign of her son Uttama Chola (971 – 988 CE). The temple was built in or before 974 CE. This is a fully developed early Chola temple. The inscriptions of these temples are telling of the role of the temples in the day-to-day life of the community. The temple was not only a place of worship but was the nerve-centre of the social, political and administrative activity. An interesting feature is the existence of a panel of portraits of the king and the queen worshipping the linga and also a portrait of the architect of the temple. Some of the finest bronzes are found in the temples of Konerirajapuram other than at Tiruvenkadu. The bronze of Bhogesvari at Konerirajapuram is perhaps the earliest of Sembiyan castings. References: B. Venkataraman, 1976, pp.16-21; M.W. Meister and M.A. Dhaky, 1953, p.181, S.R. Balasubrahmanyam, 1971, pp. 165-172

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